Political Culture- attitudes about role in government, governments in general, and democracy
Britain- compromise on the part of elites
- Expanded the franchise- willing to give into demands
- Consensual culture
- Lost with Thatcher in 1970s
France- divided into camps that don't trust each other
- Conflictual culture
- Reflects history- French Revolution / Paris Commune- French elites crushed working class
Germany- authority-oriented
- Trust bureaucrats over politicians
Class Analysis- Barrington Moore- the way conflict between classes emerge and play out
Britain- conflict between aristocracy and monarchy
- Wool- land intensive
- Enclosure Acts- kick peasants off the land- monarchy does not want this
- Glorious Revolution- peasants are big losers, thrown off land and forced into industrialized cities
- Peasants are the democratic force always fighting for more rights
France-
- Wine- labor intensive = wanted to keep peasants on the land
- Feudal dues were increased = peasants revolt
- French Revolution- Middle Class / Peasants vs. Aristocracy / Clergy
- Peasants Win = land goes to them
- Remain a rural society that doesn't have a great push for democracy because peasants are big winners
Germany- elites challenge traditional feudal political system
- Elite modernized economically without political change
- Prussian aristocracy
- Grain- labor intensive so wanted to avoid a revolution
- Put high tariffs to make industrialists happy
- Created a welfare state to make the workers happy
Sectors- conflicts between sectors of economy
Britain- agriculture sector vs. industrial sector
- Ag. didn't want to increase franchise because a call for cheaper food would hurt the ag. sector
- Industry wanted to increase franchise because lower food prices would mean that they could decrease wages and make more money
- Gradually increase franchise (reform acts)
France-
- Wanted laws to protect farmer and small shopkeepers
- Wanted to slow industrialization so that industry would not become a major power because that would increase competition
- Kept the industrial class from developing
- Missing the force to promote democracy
Germany-
- Marriage of Iron and Rye- conflict between agriculture and industry
- Kept tariffs on food = ag. happy
- Put tariffs on industry = industry happy because there is not strong foreign competition
- Can increase food prices because industrialists can afford to pay higher wages so that workers can buy more expensive food
- Within industry- export-oriented vs. import-oriented
- Modern- chemical / wanted government to abide by Versailles Treaty (ended WWI) because it was competitive and sold abroad / supported SPD govt. and small coalition parties
- Traditional- steel / didn't want government to abide by Versailles Treaty because wanted to keep Germany remilitarizing / supported Nationalist parties
- Support from chemical industry helped Weimar Republic survive for as long as it did
Timing of Development- Gershencrown- the later you develop, the less likely you are do be democratic / when a class needs protection it is not going to challenge an authoritarian state
Britain-
- Developed slowly without competition = democratic
France- too early to realize that they were late
- Small-scale industrialization
- Government protected farmers and small shopkeepers = created laws that delayed industrialization
Germany-
- Marriage of Iron and Rye
- Industry was late and needed protection
- Led to tendency to favor authoritarian leaders who would offer this protection (Hitler)
Neocolonialism- Africa
Failures of Democracy- democracy brought down by military coups
Ethnic Reasons- faction of ruling military dominated by one ethnic group
Economic Reversal (1970s)- stagnation and contraction because of oil crisis and cheap credit
Colonial remainders hurt developing, former colonies:
Borders- cross-cut ethnic groups / colonial power favored 1 ethnic group
Ethnic rivalry- because of colonial favoritism
State structures- new systems that resemble that of old colonial power
- State-run economy
- Bureaucracies rule from the top
Economic dependency-
- Developed to supply raw materials to colonial powers
- Highly specialized
Dependency Theory- Latin America
- Economic structures set country up for economic and political failure
Prebisch-
- Highly specialized economies- favor foreign capital and investors
- Late developer- specialized in areas where there is foreign investment
- WWI economy collapse- nation can't just develop trade, need to develop their own economies
Export Basics / Import complex-
- Theory of Unequal Exchange- price over time of exports falls in relation to the value-added imports
Import Substitution- need to start producing what you import
- Used tariffs
- Didn't work because when governments do this, they need to import technology
- Still depended on traditional exports
- Dual economies = inequality
Super-exploitation of Labor- still needed foreign capital
Washington Consensus Macroeconomic Policies-
- Set policies to keep foreign investors
- Made best terms for creditors
- Place payment of foreign debt above all else
Alternative Explanations
Pathways from Periphery-
- Can get from periphery to core
- Failures of Africa / Latin America vs. successes of Asia
Ideology of Dependency Theory-
- Put blame on other countries
- Blame international economy, richer countries
Culture-
- Wrong culture = fails
- Latin America- Iberian Culture of hierarchy, mysticism, patronage, look to elites to give out favors
- But then why do periods of democracy exist?
ISI is the Problem-
- Labor becomes too strong / can't get capital = leads to authoritarian regimes
Export Promotion-
- Asian countries
- Produce exports with higher value-added
Strong States vs. Weak States-
- Latin America- weak states
- Asia- strong states
Distributions of Land-
- Asia- ISI and export promotion where equal domestic wealth
- Redistributed land = more equality in wealth
- Allowed for domestic market / can develop domestically
Bresser-Periera: New Developmentalism-
- Asia never did Washington Consensus
- Appreciation of Latin American currencies because of Washington Consensus = encourages consumption and less competitive industry
Transitions to Democracy
Causes- crisis in old regime
Ideological Weaknesses- need to justify themselves = need to appeal to national interests, but they still favor international investors
Economic crisis- 1970s
External Context-
- External defeats- military government defeated militarily
- Argentina- Faulklands War- defeated by Britain
- Greece- Greek military government wanted to help Cyprus but defeated
- Portugal- tried to hold onto African colonies but military officers staged a coup
- Eastern Europe- Poland's solidarity movement- demonstration effect, Sinatra Doctrine- USSR does not want to intervene
- EU- businesses and multinationals want to invest in countries with EU membership
- Economic sanctions- lead to economic pain, worked in South Africa
Demonstration Effects-
- Russians did not stop solidarity
- French Revolution- republican government is possible
- Portugal- change with little violence (War of the Carnations) / Spain- when Franco died, regime negotiated transition with opposition
Elite Dominated? / Social Movement?-
- Elite led
- Spain
- South Africa- ANC and reformist sects negotiated
- Key elites control resources
Structural Factors? / Chess Game?
- Structure- culture, level of development / democracy needs to come out of a broad base consensus among the population
- Chess game- leaders make calculations about what will happen if they give up authoritarian government / democracy needs key players who decide that it is in their best interests to transition
Consolidation
Alternations in Power- stability
- Look at elections
- Spain
Economic Development-
- Poor- distribution conflict
- Rich- easier to compromise
Outcome of First Election-
- Better if it is won by forces that are close to segments of power that supported the former authoritarian regime
- Spain
- Problem- Eastern Europe- first elections won by anti-communists
- Need to build up trust that democracy does not mean dictatorship by the opposition
Institutions-
- Parliamentary- forces the new democratic government to continue working for compromise / Spain, Greece / leads to a smoother transition
- Presidential- government can rule without compromise / Portugal, Poland, Russia- semi-presidential
- Electoral system- everyone needs to feel secure
- Consociationalism- constitution designed to give access to different groups / Lebanon, Northern Ireland
Sequence of Economic and Political Reforms-
- Put economic reforms off until the political system is consolidated?
- Do economic and political reforms at the same time?- shock therapy
External Aid-
- Ease social dislocations
- Can help new democratic system provide better transitions
- Helps democracy build legitimacy
That's it for now... I won't bore you with current events around the world, but that's on the final too. Last final- I'm almost there!
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